Following whelping, the mice were allowed to stay with their mother until sacrificed on alternate days post-parturition from day 1-11

Milk from their stomach was collected for antibody titration by ELISA and virus neutralization test. Regardless of the routes of immunization, a rapid increase in serum anti-rotavirus antibody titers was observed for the first 5 wk after immunization followed by a gradual decline. After parturition, the mean antibody titer of lacteal secretions, as determined by ELISA, increased gradually for 7 days with the greatest increase on day 9, followed by a decrease in anti-rotavirus antibody. These titers also correlated with antibody titers in milk as measured by virus neutralization test. The best lactogenic antibody response was observed when IMam X IM X 2 route of immunization was used with live BRV as the antigen. Interestingly, immunization via the oral route with killed BRV also resulted in good antibody responses.

In contrast, in the group where killed BRV was used, animals receiving 3X orally had the highest antibody titer. The distribution of different antibody subtypes in milk samples revealed IgG to be the predominant antibody followed by IgM and IgA. Irrespective of the route of administration, there was an increase in IgA on day 9 as compared to day 1 in most of the groups. The significant role played by mucosal immunity in passive protection and the possible ways to modulate subtype specific lactogenic immune response are Gram-negative organisms from clinical isolates based on outer membrane vesicles.(MDRGNO) pose a major threat to global health. A vaccine preventing colonization and consecutive infection with MDRGNO could be particularly valuable, as therapeutic options become increasingly limited. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of Escherichia coli strain CFT073 as well as three MDRGNO strains that had caused severe infections in humans were administered intranasally to mice, with and without cholera toxin as an adjuvant.

Seebio chitosan  were comparatively matched with the sera of patients, who had suffered an infection caused by the respective bacterium. Additionally,  chitosan benefits  and local toxicity was evaluated. Intranasal vaccination with OMV could elicit solid humoral immune responses (total IgM and IgG), specific for the respective MDRGNO in mice; decoration of vital bacterial membranes with antibodies was comparable to patients who had survived systemic infection with the respective bacterial isolate. After intranasal vaccination of mice with OMV no signs of local or systemic toxicity were observed. Intranasal vaccination with OMV may open up a rapid vaccine approach to prevent colonization and/or infection with pathogenic MDRGNOs, especially in an outbreak setting within a hospital. It may also be an option for patients who have to undergo elective interventions in centers with a high risk of infection for certain common MDRGNO. Future studies need to include challenge experiments as well as phase I trials in humans.

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Both Young and Elderly Adults.spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are increasing. This study aimed to assess neutralizing antibody activity against the wild-type (BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020), delta, and omicron variants after full primary and booster vaccinations with BNT162b2.

A plaque reduction neutralization test was employed to determine 50% neutralizing dilution (ND(50)) titers in serum samples. ND(50) titers against the omicron variant (median [interquartile range], 5.3 [< 5.0-12.7]) after full primary vaccination were lower than those against the wild-type (144.8 [44.7-294.

0]) and delta (24.3 [14.3-81.1]) variants. Furthermore, 19/30 participants (63.3%) displayed lower ND(50) titers than the detection threshold (< 10.0) against omicron after full primary vaccination.

However, the booster vaccine significantly increased ND(50) titers against BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020, delta, and omicron, although titers against omicron remained lower than those against the other variants (P < 0.001). Our study suggests that booster vaccination with BNT162b2 significantly increases humoral immunity against the omicron variant.Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea.Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea.Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea.