The peak heat release rate , entire smoke output , CO product , and fumed product rate of EP complexs containing 4 wt % CS-DOPA were reduced by 55 % , 34 % , 45 % , and 46 % , respectively , to pass the UL-94 V-1 rating with a trammeling oxygen exponent of 34 % . The CS-DOPA contributes to the establishment of